From EHRs to Patient Pathways: Scalable Modeling of Longitudinal Health Trajectories with LLMs

Chantal Pellegrini, Ege Özsoy, David Bani-Harouni, Matthias Keicher, Nassir Navab

arXiv:2506.04831, 2025

Abstract

Healthcare systems face significant challenges in managing and interpreting vast, heterogeneous patient data for personalized care. Existing approaches often focus on narrow use cases with a limited feature space, overlooking the complex, longitudinal interactions needed for a holistic understanding of patient health. In this work, we propose a novel approach to patient pathway modeling by transforming diverse electronic health record (EHR) data into a structured representation and designing a holistic pathway prediction model, EHR2Path, optimized to predict future health trajectories. Further, we introduce a novel summary mechanism that embeds long-term temporal context into topic-specific summary tokens, improving performance over text-only models, while being much more token-efficient. EHR2Path demonstrates strong performance in both next time-step prediction and longitudinal simulation, outperforming competitive baselines. It enables detailed simulations of patient trajectories, inherently targeting diverse evaluation tasks, such as forecasting vital signs, lab test results, or length-of-stay, opening a path towards predictive and personalized healthcare.

Citation

@article{pellegrini2025ehrs,
  title={From EHRs to Patient Pathways: Scalable Modeling of Longitudinal Health Trajectories with LLMs},
  author={Pellegrini, Chantal and {\"O}zsoy, Ege and Bani-Harouni, David and Keicher, Matthias and Navab, Nassir},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.04831},
  year={2025}
}